![]() The XANES spectra were obtained with energy resolution of several eV at the narrowest case, which is in qualitative agreement with the energy definition of the PXR X-rays evaluated from geometrical consideration. The result demonstrated the controllability of the spectrum resolution of XANES by adjusting of the horizontal electron beam size on the target crystal. The energy definition of the X-rays, which depends on the horizontal size of the incident electron beam on the generator target crystal, has been investigated experimentally by measuring the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra on Cu and CuO associated with conventional X-ray absorption imaging technique. The parametric X-ray radiation (PXR) generator system at Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA) in Nihon University is a monochromatic and coherent X-ray source with horizontal wavelength dispersion. Inagaki, Manabu Sakai, Takeshi Sato, Isamu Hayakawa, Yasushi Nogami, Kyoko Tanaka, Toshinari Hayakawa, Ken Nakao, Keisuke International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Our study also reports female social dominance and lack of sexual weight dimorphism in this species.Wavelength dispersive X-ray absorption fine structure imaging by parametric X-ray radiation Patterns of intragroup interactions suggest that males compete for access to groups of females during the mating season, and that females may compete for food resources during the birth season. At mating and birth, intergroup agonistic encounters occurred at home-range boundaries, and larger groups were dominant over smaller groups. Changes in group composition reveal male and female juvenile dispersal, male transfer between groups at the time of mating, and adult female transfer and group fission when groups exceed a critical size. Reproductive parameters indicate sharply defined seasonal breeding, a high female reproductive rate, and birth synchrony. Groups are multimale-multifemale, and adult females form the core of the groups. Sex ratio at birth varies according to the number of females per group, a result that fits the local resource competition model. Group size and home range depend on the composition of the forest and probably food patches. ![]() Density is affected by deforestation and hunting. ![]() contrasted with those collected in other Eulemur macaco macaco field studies, in relation to human activity and the presence of introduced and cultivated plant species. Our data on demographic characteristics were expanded to include other forest sites and. All of the animals were marked to investigate population dynamics and seasonal variation in ranging and behavior, and new data on black lemurs were obtained. We studied a black lemur population over a 2-year period (1992-1993) and 8 years later (2000) in a 50-ha secondary forest in northwest Madagascar. In contrast, the extinction of large folivorous lemurs during the past two millennia presumably allowed too little time for smaller-sized species to evolve equally effective morphological and physiological specializations for processing a large range of fibrous foods. Tree diversity and leaf production do not consistently explain this pattern. However, the data corroborate the finding that the total biomass of lemur communities as well as the biomass of folivorous lemur species are low compared with those of African and Asian primate communities for a given protein : fibre ratio. A high mean ratio of protein to fibre (>0.4) supports high folivore biomass at 390 kg km(-2) (reaching 630 kg km(-2) in the closed-canopy forest area) compared with primate communities in other Malagasy forests (protein : fibre: <0.5 folivore biomass: <440 kg km(-2)), as predicted. Lemur densities were evaluated through compilation of previous studies made from prior to 1975 and up until 2011 based on strip censuses and/or identification of all groups supplemented with new censuses. the mean weighted by the basal area of tree species, to be compared with the figures available for other forest ecosystems in Madagascar and a number of anthropoid habitats. protein-to-fibre in leaves and an abundance-weighted ratio, i.e. Plant species abundance was determined based on transect censuses. We tested the role played by protein : fibre on lemur biomass in a gallery forest in southern Madagascar. The correlation between the biomass of forest primates and a chemical index of the average nutritional quality of leaves in tropical forests has been repeatedly documented since 1990.
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